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British Independent Group (psychoanalysis)
The Independent or Middle Group of British analysts represents one of the three distinct sub-schools of the British Psychoanalytical Society, and 'developed what is known as the ''British independent'' perspective, which argued that the primary motivation of the child is object-seeking rather than drive gratification'.〔Glen C. Gabbard, ''Long-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy'' (London 2010) p. 12〕 The 'Independent group...is strongly associated with the concept of countertransference as well as with a seemingly pragmatic, anti-theoretical attitude to psychoanalysis'.〔Lesley Caldwell, ''Winnicott and the Psychoanalytic Tradition'' (London 2007) p. 144〕
==Origins==
In the wake of the wartime Controversial Discussions, 'the British Psycho-Analytical Society divided into several sets of followers – eventually three sets in one'.〔Richard Appignanesi ed., ''Introducing Melanie Klein'' (Cambridge 2006) p. 120〕 On the one side, were the followers of Melanie Klein, on the other those of Anna Freud, and 'in between, as a kind of buffer zone, were the British group who came to be known as "Independents" – Sylvia Payne, Marjorie Brierley, Ronald Fairbairn and Ella Freeman Sharpe, and eventually Donald Winnicott and Paula Heimann, who moved away from the Kleinian group'.〔Appignanesi, ''Klein'' p. 121〕 Subsequently, 'some new refugees, notably Michael Balint and Michael Foulkes, became prominent Independents'.〔Appignanesi ''Klein'' p. 121〕
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